Dr.D.Senthil Kumar.,

Dr.D.Senthil Kumar.,
Consulting Physician & Psycologist

Menstrual Disorder: -


Menstrual Disorder: -

Oligomenorrhoea/ Menorrhagia/ Metrorrhagia/Amenorrhoea:
Irregular, excessive, absent or infrequent menses periods
Oligomenorrhoea:
  • Periods occurring infrequently, with time between periods varying from 35 days to 6 months.
  • It's common for periods to be light and widely spaced when you first start having periods.
  • Periods also become more irregular as you get older and near the menopause.

What if it isn't down to puberty or menopause?
Many women experience widely spaced periods, typically having one or two periods every six months. This may concern you, but it is very unlikely that there is a serious underlying cause.

If you are worried about the frequency of your periods, you should consult via sending mail to consult.ur.dr@gmail.com .

What else can cause irregular periods?
  • The commonest cause of infrequent periods is a condition called polycystic ovaries (PCOS).
  • Women with PCOS have a large number of very small (less than 1cm) cysts on their ovaries and a hormone imbalance. The cysts interfere with regular ovulation and so periods are infrequent.
  • PCOS is a common condition that affects as many as 10 per cent of women.

Menorrhagia:

Definition
At some time in your reproductive life, you've probably experienced heavy bleeding during your menstrual period. If you're like some women, you have heavy periods almost every cycle. Menorrhagia is the medical term for excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding — and for periods that are both heavy and prolonged. The condition is also known as hypermenorrhea.

The menstrual cycle isn't the same for every woman. Normal menstrual flow occurs every 21 to 35 days lasts four to five days and produces a total blood loss of 30 to 40 mille litters (about 2 to 3 tablespoons). Your period may be regular or irregular, light or heavy, painful or pain-free, long or short and still be considered normal. Menorrhagia refers to losing 80 mille litters or more of blood during your menstrual cycle.

Although heavy menstrual bleeding is a common concern among pre menopausal women, few women experience blood loss severe enough to be defined as Menorrhagia. Treatments and self-care steps may help you.

Symptoms
  • The signs and symptoms of Menorrhagia may include:
  • Menstrual flow that soaks through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several consecutive hours
  • The need to use double sanitary protection to control your menstrual flow
  • The need to change sanitary protection during the night
  • Menstrual periods lasting longer than seven days
  • Menstrual flow that includes large blood clots
  • Heavy menstrual flow that interferes with your regular lifestyle
  • Constant pain in your lower abdomen during menstrual periods
  • Tiredness, fatigue or shortness of breath (symptoms of anemia)

  • Metrorrhagia: (Bleeding Between Menstrual Periods)
    Bleeding from the uterus between menstrual periods is called metrorrhagia. This is a common problem, especially for teenagers and women nearing menopause.

    Definition:
    If by the age of 16 years menses do not begin than we call it a case of Primary Amenorrhoea and a gynaecologist needs to be consulted.

    Common Causes:
  • Delayed Puberty: Some girls just take little more time to mature and get delayed onset of menses. It may be considered normal if the menses start Upto 18years. Otherwise the body changes start appearing like growth spurt, breast development and genital hair.
  • Sometime very low weight or dietary deficiencies are also responsible for such delay. Just waiting and improvement in general health status helps in starting the menstruation.

  • Amenorrhoea:
  • Amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period.
  • Primary amenorrhoea is when a young woman has not yet had a period by age 16.
  • Secondary amenorrhoea describes someone who used to have a regular period but then it stopped for at least three months (this can include pregnancy).

  • What are the signs of amenorrhoea?
  • The main sign of amenorrhoea is missing a menstrual period.
  • Regular periods are a sign of overall good health. Missing a period may mean that you are pregnant or that something is going wrong. It’s important to tell your health care provider if you miss a period so he or she can begin to find out what is happening in your body.
  • Amenorrhoea itself is not a disease, but is usually a symptom of another condition. Depending on that condition, a woman might experience other symptoms, such as headache, vision changes, hair loss, or excess facial hair.

  • Treatment for amenorrhoea
    For amenorrhoea depends on the underlying cause. Sometimes lifestyle changes can help if weight, stress, or physical activity is causing the amenorrhoea. Other times medications and oral contraceptives can help the problem. For more information, send mail to consult.ur.dr@gmail.com

    In homoeopathic method of treatment we have good effective medicines for these complaint, Homoeopathic medicines have no side effects. A course of treatment is helpful to reduce these problems

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    Friday, May 6, 2011

    THE PROCESS OF MENSTRUATION







    THE PROCESS OF MENSTRUATION

    What is Menstruation?
    Also commonly known as the menstrual period or monthly 'period', it is a normal biological and physiological function of the female body. In essence, it is the discharge of blood and tissue from the vagina at monthly intervals. Typically the cycle lasts 28 days, but cycles varying from 24 days to 35 days are not uncommon. In the first year or so the cycles can be quite irregular. There can be no fixed pattern to it and a few months may pass between the first few periods. But there is no need for alarm. This is a common occurrence.

    When does it start?
    The beginning of menstruation, known as menarche may occur sometime between the ages of 10 years - 16 years. Just as no two individuals are alike, neither are the menstrual patterns of any two girls. Each body is different with different patterns and rhythm, so some may start as early as 9 years while others as late as 16 years. Menarche is a major milestone in a young girl's life, indicating the onset of the reproductive cycle in females. However, while a girl can technically bear children after achieving menarche, for all practical purposes she is underdeveloped and immature for the role of motherhood both, physically as well as psychologically. The menstrual cycle continues uninterruptedly month after month, except during pregnancies or for specific health reasons, until menopause. Menopause occurs when a woman is in her 40s to 50s and it is when the monthly cycles cease to occur.

    What really happens?
    While a lot of changes are happening at menarche in your daughter, a number of internal changes also occur. Her reproductive system has been developing in the lower abdomen and it is not something your daughter is aware of. A pear shaped organ called the uterus also known as the womb. It has a cavity where the babies grow before they are born.

    The uterus is connected on either side by the fallopian tubes to two small glands called the ovaries, which has two functions:
    • To produce the female hormone oestrogen.
    • To produce the female egg cells, called Ova.

    In the fallopian tube the female egg cell and male egg cell unite to form the embryo, which then travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus, to get its nourishment.

    The process of Menstruation
    A small gland located in the base of the brain, called the pituitary gland, which causes a play of various hormones triggering menstruation. The pituitary gland produces chemicals that act like messengers, travelling in the blood to the ovaries. Inside the body, the reproductive system begins to function. During each monthly cycle, one of the ovaries releases an egg cell. It enters the nearby fallopian tube and travels towards the uterus. Meanwhile the hormone

    Oestrogen has been busy preparing the uterus to receive the embryo, by developing a thick lining of blood and nutrient filled tissue called the endometrium, which provides the embryo with immediate nutrition required for its survival and growth. However, if the egg cell is not fertilized and the embryo is not formed then the lining of the uterus is not needed to develop, so the lining of the uterus will disintegrate causing bleeding and this sheds from the uterus through the vagina and out of the vaginal opening as menstrual blood. This is called Menstruation. The time between the beginning and end of the menstrual flow is called as the menstrual period. The length of each menstrual period varies from person to person, as does the amount of menstrual flow. Usually a period lasts from three to five days, though variations from two to eight days are also common.

    Each time a girl gets her period, a new cycle begins. The cycle usually lasts about 28 days, but the length of the cycle may also vary. Each girl's menstrual cycle can be different, with cycles as short as 24 days to as long as 35 days. This cycle repeats month after month. Generally a woman keeps to her individual established pattern, although stress, illness or strenuous exercises may alter her personal cycle.

    How to calculate the Monthly Menstrual Cycle?
    Mark with an 'X' or a red dot, the first day of the current menstrual cycle.

    • The next month, circle the first day of the new period.
    • Count the days between the first day of the last period and the first day of the next one. The number of days between the two dates will be the menstrual cycle duration. If the number is 28 days, the next period will probably follow after 28 days - so if the first day of the last cycle was 5th of April, the next period can start on 2nd or 3rd of May.

    Irregularities that can occur during Menstruation
    As mentioned earlier, the menstrual cycle will typically be between 28 to 30 days. In the first year or two following menarche, your daughter may have her period at irregular intervals, but that's nothing to worry about as it usually settles down. She however may need frequent assurance, since young girls are often concerned about having irregular cycles. They need to understand that the body needs time to develop a regular pattern. A change in environment or routine or any emotional stress or illness may upset the cycle, causing the period to begin later or earlier than expected. Apprehension about a forthcoming exam, excitement about a family wedding, a crash diet all these situations can disturb an established pattern. However, if the periods continue to be irregular even otherwise, you should consult a gynecologist. Some conditions like those described below, may indicate that a problem with menstruation exists and should be referred to gynecologists.

    • Menstruation has not begun by age 17 - Primary Amenorrhea
    • Menstruation has occurred and stopped briefly like in pregnancy or in
    • some illnesses or conditions of stress - Secondary Amenorrhea
    • Abnormal heavy flow - Menorrhagia
    • Scanty flow - Oligomenorrhea
    • Consistently irregular menstrual periods - Metroragia
    • Painful menstruation - Dysmenorrhea

    Graphical explanation of Menstration

    The endometrium immediately after the menstrual bleeding stopped. It is very thin compared to its thickness later in the cycle.
    (Explaining this and the following drawings: The brown outer layer represents the womb's muscle. The red lines represents blood vessels. The purple inner line represents the cells covering the endometrium.)





    The endometrium about one week later (12-14 days since the onset of menstruation). This is just before ovulation. (Ovulation = the release of an egg cell by the ovaries) The endometrium is now much thicker (usually more than 6mm).
    The blood vessels are still represented by red lines. This thickening is caused by estrogen.(a hormone released by the ovarie
    s)

    .
    The endometrium a few days after ovulation. Glands develop and the blood vessels become more prominent. The protein content ( purple blotches) in the endometrium increases. The increased gland activity is responsible for the production of these proteins. The proteins are important nutrients for` the embryo following implantation.
    The changes now seen in the endometrium are caused by a hormone called progesterone. (a hormone also secreted by the ovaries, but only if ovulation occurred and only for ten days.
    The endometrium immediately before the onset of menstruation.
    The inner part of the all the arteries have a curly (spiral) appearance and are called spiral arteries. The protein content in the endometrium has also increased. All these changes ( increased protein and spiral arteries) are the result of progesterone activity. 
    The endometrium is now ready for implantation.


    Menstruation starts. Pregnancy did not occur and the coronal levels dropped. (The ovary temporary stopped producing the hormones estrogen and progesterone.) This lack of estrogen and progesterone causes menstruation to start. Blood starts leaking out at the bases of the spiral arteries and the inner two thirds of the endometrium is discarded 


    .
    The upper two thirds of the endometrium is discarded. The arteries are exposed (not covered by mucus membranes) and are bleeding freely. Special anti clotting substances are also released to prevent the menstrual blood from clotting.



    The purple line represents a new endometrial cover. The ovaries start producing estrogen again and estrogen 
    causes the new lining to develop


    .

    The purple line represents the endometrial cover. It covers the endometrium and blood vessels completely. 
    The bleeding stops and a new cycle begins


    .

    The bleeding has stopped completely and the cycle starts again.

    Wednesday, May 4, 2011

    Vaginal Infection - Prevention Methods

    How to avoid vaginal infections
    Vaginal infections can re-occur many times. It is very important to be prepared to fight against any vaginal infections and not allow them to breed inside you. You can follow a daily regime that helps you keep away from vaginal infections.

    Personal hygiene to prevent vaginal infections
    Practicing a good female hygiene routine is the foremost essential step to prevent vaginal infections.

    ·         A damp and moist environment creates a breeding ground for many bacteria. While having a shower, wash your vaginal area daily with a mild soap, rinse it properly and pat it dry. The vagina and the area around it should be clean and dry to prevent vaginal infections.
    ·         Every time you urinate or have a bowel movement, make sure to wipe your genitals starting from the front and ending towards the back. This prevents the bacterium E. coli entering your vagina via the rectum.
    ·         Avoid using feminine hygiene products such as perfumed gels, soaps, tampons, vaginal deodorants / sprays or even spermicidal as these can irritate the vagina inviting an infection.
    ·         Avoid douching as it interferes with the normal balance of the organisms already inside the vagina causing bacterial and yeast infections that may also affect other reproductive organs.
    ·         Keep your pubic hair short by trimming it frequently. Make sure not to hurt or scratch your organs.
    ·         Change your sanitary pads often during your periods. Wearing the same pad for hours may cause vaginal infections, itching etc.

    Clothes and undergarments to prevent vaginal infections:

    ·         Make a practice of wearing light and loose fitting cotton panties. Cotton keeps your genitals dry by absorbing the moisture and allowing air circulation.
    ·         If you wish to wear pantyhose, make sure to wear a cotton panty underneath it.
    ·         Wearing tight jeans, trousers, panties or pantyhose for extended hours does not allow proper air circulation making it a suitable ground for bacteria to grow and breed.
    ·         Wash your undergarments with a mild detergent and rinse it thoroughly.
    ·         Make sure to dry your undergarments in the sun. Sunlight kills bacteria and fungus.

    Precautions in sex to prevent vaginal infections:

    ·         It recommended not using perfumed lubricants, gels or oils to lubricate the vagina. These are believed to invite several vaginal infections.
    ·         Certain spermicidal tablets or gels are also reported to cause vaginal infections. Consult your gynecologist first before using them.
    ·         Using condom is one of the safest ways of preventing vaginal infections that happen due to sexual intercourse.
    ·         Clean and dry your vagina before and after having sex.
    ·         Medication applicators, if used should be washed and cleaned thoroughly before storing them.
    ·         Avoid sex with many partners or use a condom.
    ·         If you are already suffering from a vaginal infection, it is recommended to avoid sex or avoid putting anything inside your vagina until the infection is totally gone.

    Diet and drinks to prevent vaginal infections:

    • Add Vitamin C rich supplements to your diet. The acidic nature of Vitamin C creates an  acidic environment inside the vagina thereby not allowing bacteria and fungi to breed and grow.
    • Cranberry juice is good in fighting and preventing vaginal infections.
    • Drink lots of water. It purifies the system and drains out bacteria and infections.



    Personal hygiene during Periods, Menses, Menstruation

    Personal hygiene during Periods, Menses, Menstruation
    A girl needs to practice a high level of personal hygiene during her periods. The person hygiene starts from the selection of the best sanitary product, its proper usage, disposal, body cleanliness and diet.


    Things to keep in mind before choosing a sanitary pad / napkin:

    ·         Have a fair knowledge about the different styles, sizes, designs and thickness that are available.
    ·         Consider the absorbency, comfort and best support system for preventing blood leakage and pad slippage.
    ·         Try to purchase one with a cotton net surface with super absorption middle layer to prevent wet skin surface and skin rashes.
    ·         Look for one which is not very thick and bulky to stay more comfortable.
    ·         It is always good to use a combination of pads suitable for day, night, heavy flow and light flow.
    ·         Changing a pad usually depends on the rate of the menstrual flow. One needs to change the pad more frequently when the flow is heavy. Change the pads every 3-4 hours mainly the first 2 days of the period.
    ·         Changing pads frequently also saves you from the embarrassment of menstrual blood odor. When blood stays for a long time in contact of air, it produces an unpleasant odor. Choose odor control napkins with fragrance to prevent period smell.
    ·         Carefully peel away the sanitary pad from the panty starting from the top moving all the way down.
    ·         Wrap the pad in a newspaper and throw it in the dustbin. Make sure the dustbin in which you dispose your used sanitary pad is not inside your bedroom or kitchen.
    ·         Wear a new pad and wash your hands properly.

    How long one should wear a disposable sanitary pad?

    • Changing a pad usually depends on the rate of the menstrual flow. One needs to change the pad more frequently when the flow is heavy. Change the pads every 3-4 hours mainly the first 2 days of the period.
    • Changing pads frequently also saves you from the embarrassment of menstrual blood odor. When blood stays for a long time in contact of air, it produces an unpleasant odor. Choose odor control napkins with fragrance to prevent period smell.

    How to dispose a disposable sanitary pad?

    ·         Carefully peel away the sanitary pad from the panty starting from the top moving all the way down.
    ·         Wrap the pad in a newspaper and throw it in the dustbin. Make sure the dustbin in which you dispose your used sanitary pad is not inside your bedroom or kitchen.
    ·         Wear a new pad and wash your hands properly.

    Precautions while using a sanitary pad: Sanitary pads cannot be used during swimming. Never enter a pool while you are using a pad.
    ·         In case you feel some itching around the thighs or vagina, never scratch the area while wearing a pad. It can rub against your skin and cause rashes.
    ·         Don’t wear a panty with loose elastic. Good elastic secures the pad and the panty in place.
    ·         When planning to wear a tight trouser or boy shorts, tampons are a better choice as they are not at all visible through the garment. However, if you are not comfortable using tampon, you can go for an ultra-thin sanitary pad as it is less visible. You can also team up your tight fitting trousers or short with long t-shirts.

    Precautions during periods:
    • Avoid sex with your partner during your menses as it can be unhygienic and messy.

    Body cleanliness and diet during periods:
    • It is very important to maintain a high level of hygiene during your periods to avoid vaginal and urinary tract infections.
    • Sanitary pads can cause some irritation on the inner thighs. Keep your genitals clean to overcome the problem.
    • Take a warm water bath twice a day during your menses to stay fresh and healthy.
    • Wear clean and bright clothes.
    • Wash your hands before and after changing a sanitary pad.
    • In case you get some stain on your panty change it immediately.
    • Eat lots of fruits and vegetables.
    • Drink at least 8-10 glasses of water.

    Sanitary Pads / Types

    A sanitary pad also known as sanitary napkin, menstrual pad, rag or maxi pad is a menstruation product used by females to absorb the blood flow during their menstruation / periods.

    Types of sanitary pads:

    There are 2 types of sanitary pads/ napkins that one can choose from: Disposable sanitary pads and reusable sanitary pads.

    Disposable sanitary pads:

    As the name suggests, disposable sanitary pads are disposed off once used. These pads are easily available at all pharmacy stores around the world.
    The basic anatomy of a disposable sanitary pad comprises of an underlying layer, absorbent layer and a surface layer.
    • The underlying layer is the back side of the napkin (adhesive or non-adhesive) that lies on the crotch of the panty.
    • The middle layer also called the absorbent layer lies between the underlying layer and the surface layer. It is made of absorbent wood cellulose fibers. The absorbent panel consist polyacrylate gel which sucks up the liquid quickly, holds it in a suspension and prevents blood leakage.
    • An additional top layer or the surface layer sits right against the skin. It is made of perforated plastic that keeps the skin dry and acts as a barrier between the skin and the absorbent panel.
    Disposable sanitary pads vary in design, functionality and comfort from manufacturer to manufacturer. There is a huge variety of sanitary pads available to suit the customer needs and pocket.

    Variations in disposable sanitary pads:

    A few years back, pads were available with only one type of absorbency, length and thickness and women didn’t had too many options to look for. But thanks to the advancements, there are more options today and women can choose the one that suits her needs the best.
    • Shape: The pad can be rectangular, slender or curved in shape to fit your body better.
    • Size: The size ranges from short and slender panty liners to large and extra large ones to hold different level of blood flow.
    • Panty liners: A panty liner is very thin with little absorbency. Panty liners may come with or without wings, tapered shape or rectangular shape and with or without fragrance. These are designed to absorb light menstrual blood flow, spotting and daily vaginal discharge.
    • Ultra-thin: These are very thin pads with a normal length and a high absorbency, designed to offer more comfort and are not at all bulky.
    • Regular: These are a middle range absorbency pad and are designed to be used during the day time.
    • Maxi- super: These are larger absorbency pads and are useful when the menstrual flow is the heaviest.
    • Night: These are little longer than the regular pads and are designed to offer more protection to the wearer when she is sleeping.
    • Maternity: These are longer and more absorbent than the maxi pad and are designed to absorb the bleeding that occurs after child birth, abortion or vaginal surgery.
    • Design: Some pads may feature extra features such as wings with adhesives that wrap around the sides of the panty and stick to help secure the pad in place and provide an additional side leak protection.
    • Fragrance: Some pads come along with fragrance and deodorants added to them to cover the menstrual blood odor.

    Non-adhesive disposable sanitary pads:

    • A non-adhesive disposable sanitary pad is the one that comes without an adhesive and needs to be placed directly on the crotch of the panty.
    • Another variation is the belted sanitary napkin. These pads come along with a special elastic belt or a girdle to be worn under the undergarment. The absorbent liners of the pad are extended on the front and the back so that they can fit into the loops of the belt. However, these pads are less comfortable to use and there is always a problem of getting your panty and clothes soaked.

    Disposable sanitary pads with adhesive:

    • The underlying layer of an adhesive disposable sanitary pad consists of fabric adhering glue which is covered with a paper sticker. If the pad has wings, then the adhering glue and the paper sticker is present on the wings as well.
    • The pads with adhesives help to safely secure the pad in place.
    • One needs to peel off the paper sticker and carefully place the pad to safely adhere it around the crotch of the panty.

    Advantages of using a disposable sanitary pad:
    • Disposable sanitary pads are easier to use especially the ones with adhesives and wings.
    • They leave you fresh and dry throughout the day.
    • The ultra thin ones are the most comfortable ones as they are very thin and compact.
    • They are more hygienic and safe.
    • No fear of developing Toxic Shock Syndrome as in the case of using a tampon.
    • Available in different varieties to suit different needs.
    • Easier to be used by women of all age group.

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    Please Contact for Appointment

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